C++

Introduction to C++

What C++ is and where it's used, the structure of a program, printing with cout, reading with cin, namespaces, and comments.

Variables, Data Types & Constants

Declaring variables, the fundamental types, std::string, auto, const and constexpr, type conversion, and formatting numbers.

Operators & Booleans

Arithmetic, assignment, comparison, and logical operators; the bool type and boolalpha; short-circuiting; and precedence.

Strings

std::string basics, concatenation, length and indexing, substr and find, changing case, getline, and string streams.

Math & User Input

The cmath library, reading several values with cin, checking for bad input, and recovering with clear and ignore.

Conditions: if, else & switch

Branching with if / else if / else, the ternary operator, switch with break and default, and if-with-initializer.

Loops

while, do-while, for, and range-based for loops; break and continue; nested loops; and avoiding common loop bugs.

Arrays & Vectors

Built-in arrays and std::array, std::vector and its operations, iterating, sorting with std::sort, and 2D data.

References & Pointers

References as aliases, pass-by-reference, memory addresses and pointers, nullptr, dynamic memory, and smart pointers.

Functions

Declaring and defining functions, parameters and return values, default arguments, overloading, recursion, and lambdas.

Classes & Objects

Defining classes, public and private members, constructors and initializer lists, methods, const methods, and encapsulation.

Inheritance & Polymorphism

Base and derived classes, protected members, virtual functions and override, abstract classes, and polymorphism through base pointers.

Files & Exceptions

Reading and writing files with fstream, checking that files opened, throwing and catching exceptions, and standard exception types.

STL: Maps, Sets & Algorithms

The Standard Template Library's containers (map, unordered_map, set), iterators, and algorithms such as sort, count_if, accumulate, and transform.