PHP

Introduction to PHP

What PHP is, how a request becomes HTML, installing PHP, tags, statements, and comments.

Variables & Output

Creating variables, naming rules, echo and print, printing with variables inside strings, var_dump, and variable scope.

Data Types & Strings

PHP's data types, type checking and casting, and the most useful string functions.

Numbers, Math & Constants

Integers and floats, math functions, rounding and formatting money, float precision, and constants.

Operators

Arithmetic, assignment, comparison (== vs ===), logical, string, null coalescing, spaceship, and ternary operators.

Conditionals: if, switch & match

Making decisions with if/elseif/else, switch, and PHP 8's match expression, and writing clear conditions.

Loops

while, do...while, for, and foreach loops, break and continue, and choosing the right loop.

Functions

Defining functions, parameters and defaults, type declarations, return values, references, variadics, named arguments, and arrow functions.

Arrays

Indexed, associative, and multidimensional arrays; adding, removing, and searching; sorting; and the most useful array functions.

Superglobals & Form Handling

$_GET, $_POST, $_SERVER and friends, processing forms, validating and sanitizing input, and preventing XSS.

Dates, Files & JSON

Working with dates and time zones, including files, reading and writing files, uploads, and encoding and decoding JSON.

Cookies, Sessions & Error Handling

Remembering users with cookies and sessions, login flows, exceptions with try/catch/finally, custom exceptions, and error reporting.

Object-Oriented PHP

Classes and objects, constructors and promoted properties, visibility, inheritance, abstract classes, interfaces, traits, static members, enums, and namespaces.

Databases with PDO

Connecting with PDO, prepared statements, CRUD operations, fetching results, transactions, and preventing SQL injection.